Definitions of HRM Essay

Introduction and Overview Definitions of HRM. The employment relationship. Commitment and control. Internal fit. Textbook: Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright (2012) Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage. Chapter 1, pp. 2-68. Examples of exam questions: How and why has the role of the HR department been changing in Western firms since the 1980s? How far and for what reasons would you agree that the debate over the differences between HRM and personnel management is all ‘hot air? Lecture 2 Analysis and Design of Work Job analysis; Job design; employee involvement; quality circles; team working Textbook: Competitive Advantage. Chapter 4, pp. 154-190. Examples of exam questions: Who benefits from employee involvement? Compare quality circles and team working with regards to their impact on the economic outcomes of a company. Lecture 3 Personnel Selection Selection criteria, Big-5 personality dimensions, selection methods, predictive validity, reliability Textbook: Competitive Advantage. Chapter 6, pp. 230-267. Examples of past exam questions: Critically discuss the use of interviews as a primary basis for selection decisions. What criteria should be considered in selecting new employees to support firm performance? How do interviews fare in evaluating these criteria? Lecture 4 Performance appraisal Competitive Advantage. Chapter 8, 338-393. Examples of past exam questions: Critically evaluate performance appraisal at work. What are the purposes of conducting performance appraisals? How might appraisals differ depending on the purpose? Lecture 5 Pay Systems Content of pay systems; selecting pay systems; pay and firm performance; pay outcomes for employees. Textbook: Competitive Advantage. Chapter 1 1, pp. 0-519. Examples of exam questions: Which factors should HR managers take into account in designing a fair pay system? Evaluate options for the design of pay systems for different employee groups. Lecture 6 Human Resource Planning, Flexibility and Turnover Human resource planning; the model of the flexible firm; contingent employment; temporary work; employee turnover Textbook: Competitive Advantage. Chapt er 5, pp. 191-211 and Chapter 10, pp. 440-478. Examples ot exam questions: ‘Temporary agency workers are hired to protect the employment security of the core workforce. Discuss critically. Contingent workers facilitate the use of high commitment management systems. Discuss. Lecture 7 Strategic Human Resource Management: Best Practices vs. Best Fit Strategic HRM; models of HRM; best practice and business strategy models Textbook: Competitive Advantage. Chapter 2, pp. 70-105. Examples of exam questions: Evaluate the relationship between the business and the human resource management strategy of a firm. Contrast and evaluate the concepts of horizontal and vertical fit in human resource management. Lecture 8 Strategic HRM: The Resource- ased View and Stakeholder Models Continuation of lecture 7: strategic HRM; resource-based view; institutional / stakeholder perspectives on HRM Textbook: To what extent do managers have a strategic choice with regards to human resource management? Critically discuss the implications of the resource-based view of the firm for designing HRM strategies. Lecture 9 Equal Employment Opportunities Competitive Advantage. Chapter 3, pp. 106-153. Examples of past exam questions: Do women have equal opportunities at work? What actions might employers take to address any inequalities? Evaluate human capital theoretical explanations of the gender earnings gap. Lecture 10 Industrial Relations Introduction to industrial relations; purposes of collective organization; effects of unions; recent trends in industrial relations Textbook: Competitive Advantage. Chapter 14, pp. 598-647. Examples of exam questions: What are the consequences of a lack of effective worker representation, be it through trade unions or some other form of worker representation at the workplace? Why do workers Join trade unions and what are the effects of union activity? How has this changed in liberal market economies in recent years?

Consumption of Luxury Food: Essay

1. Introduction This chapter will serve as an introduction to the concept of Luxury food consumerism in Harrods Patisserie and Bakery Food Hall. It will evaluate customer loyalty incentives, pricing and hype around its luxury food. 1. 1 Overview of Harrods and Luxury food consumerism Harrods covers 1. 2 million square feet of terrain, in the very heart of one of London, England’s most prestigious areas, Knightsbridge. The historical architectural landmark, along with the Egyptian Escalator, which was envisioned by Mr. Al-Fayed himself, is listed by English Heritage. With no less than seven floors devoted to the finest-quality international brands, as well as a sumptuous Food Hall that is like no other. It is no wonder that Harrods attracts almost 15 million people through its doors every year. (http://factoidz. com/harrods-the-famous-british-landmark-department-store-changes-ownership-in-2010-and-remains-out-of-british-hands/) The United Kingdom and many parts of the E. U have been experiencing slow growth and development. However, according to information from this website which states†¦Harrods says its Knightsbridge site is Britain’s largest shop, selling an array of fashion, food and luxury goods†¦ Qatar Holdings bought Harrods from Mohamed Al-Fayed for a reported ? 1. 5 billion last May. (www. fasttrack. co. uk) This could only have been possible if profits had a successful recorded track rate. In 2010, sales in Harrods received ? 519. 8million, leaving Harrods with a profit of ? 86. 5million (www. fasttrack. co. uk) As consumer wealth increases, so does the demand for more premium, value added products as opposed to cost-reduced commodity products. The situation is partly created by an increasingly affluent society and a widening gap with the divide of rich and middle class in the current recession. There are various factors influencing change. In the UK 10% of the population is currently defined as affluent – this figure is expected to rise to 30%. www. foodbytesni. com/text. doc The EU speciality food market (as opposed to the premium food market) is worth â‚ ¬33. 5 billion – (4. 6% of total EU food & drink spend). In Britain and Ireland it is valued at â‚ ¬6. 1 billion (4. 5% of total food & drink spend). It is forecasted to grow to â‚ ¬7. 5 billion in 3 years. It is commonly known that yesterday’s luxury becomes today’s necessity. Luxury tends to be rare and expensive. With the above profit figures, the researcher can only assume that Harrods appears to be the winner in the Patisserie and Bakery Market. With the definition of poverty completely different in the western world to the ratio of poverty in developing countries, luxury consumption of Patisserie and bakery is considered trendy and it’s demand in Harrods is ever growing. Although we may assume that luxury foods are related to income, during this current recession in the UK with dwindling income, the demand for Harrods Luxury Patisserie and Bakery foods has increased over this period of time. I have noticed this as the researcher is employed in Harrods food production unit. Although, the usual scenario for other departmental stores may be to reduce prices during recession, Harrods luxury Patisserie and Bakery foods have retained its prices and popularity. In fact with the VAT increase from 17. 5% to 20% the sales in this section of the food halls has shown no major downturn. Hence, it is my opinion that demand is so great for Harrods Luxury Patisserie and Bakery that consumers of any income group visit Harrods to buy even the lowest cost luxury Patisserie and Bakery foods which has been a contributing factor. Harrods is globally known as unique, as it has an association with class, quality and distinguishes itself from the rest of it’s competitors. This study is limited to only respondents above the age of 18 years and will only be carried out on 30-50 respondents. The study is narrowed to consumers of Harrods Patisserie and Bakery products and not consumers of the rest of the food halls. The study will not cover the life style and overall economic standard of the respondents. This has been consciously left out to avoid lengthening of the study. Hence, the study will be unable to analyse the financial background of the respondents in depth. Lastly, although luxury food consumption is a macroeconomic function, this study will only focus on a singular market. 1. 2 Research Questions 1. Is the recession affecting Consumption of Luxury Food in Harrods Food’s Patisserie and Bakery Food Hall? 2. What are the key aspects or areas of consumer spending behaviour patterns in Patisserie and Bakery Food Halls, Harrods? 1. 3 Objectives of the Research The objectives of the study are as follows: A) To investigate customer consumption and spending behaviour with luxury Patisserie and Bakery foods in Harrods. B) To make recommendations to Harrods on how to enhance their sales and maintain their market share in luxury Patisserie and Bakery foods. 1. 4 How will the objectives be achieved? Objective (A) will be achieved through examination of secondary data. Objective (B) will be achieved through findings of primary data through the use of questionnaire survey and secondary data through Harrods food industry annual reports. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2. Introduction. This chapter will show the existing literature in the field of Consumer Behaviour from a global perspective and narrow it down to consumer behaviour in Harrods, UK. It will include marketing concepts, psychological concepts and factual statistics. The luxury market is vastly increasing, and there have been significant changes towards consumer behaviour (Strauss & Howe, 1999). Foods that are expensive have a certain appeal and are regarded as luxuries for special occasions rather than daily meals. Conversely, foods that are widespread and cheap have less appeal. Europe is considered to be the cultural center of fashion, interior design, and cuisine. Gourmet cooking has become a fine art, and visitors to the area can find almost any type of food, and the trend more recently has become luxury foods, luxury desserts etc. http://www. foodtourism. com/ From the literature I have read it can be summarized that the current generation enjoys spending money on luxury brands due to disposable income and lifestyle that this generation avails of due to their income or that of their parent’s earning. 2. 1 A theory of luxury. When Marie Antoinette supposedly said ‘let them eat cake’, she was seen as a luxury junkie whose out-of-control spending grated on the poor and unfortunate French people. But today, cake has become one of the favourite luxury foods. A revolution has taken place where individuals in the world have got richer. Luxury is no longer the embrace of the kings and queens of France but the mass marketing phenomenon of everyday life. Simply put, luxury has become luxuri? cation of the common place (Twitchell, 2001; Berry, 1994). 2. 2 Definitions of luxury products, speciality and premium foods. In order to understand a luxury product, it is essential to differentiate it from ordinary products on the basis of its essential characteristics. Luxury products, speciality and premium foods are defined by their price, quality, aesthetics, exclusiveness, and symbolic significance. To define them, their definitions are summarised below. 2. 2. 1 Luxury products Luxury is defined as quality possessed by something that is excessively expensive http://ardictionary. com/Luxury/5550 As they are highly associated with their core products, common definitions of luxury brands refer to specific associations with their products. The essential characteristics of luxury brands therefore correspond largely with those of luxury products. Consequently, their definition can be derived from that of luxury products as follows: Luxury brands are regarded as images in the minds of consumers that comprise associations about a high level of price, quality, aesthetics, rarity, extraordinarily and a high degree of further non-functional associations (c. f. Heine 2010). As luxury products and brands include a high rating for their characteristics; this marks a differentiation for luxury manufacturers. Even amongst luxury products there are differences such as accessible luxury products, which are affordable for most consumers from time-to-time and some are exclusive luxury products, which are affordable only for the wealthy. 2. 2. 2 Specialty or gourmet foods. Specialty or gourmet foods are unique foods/delicacies, which sometimes exploit regional identity. They are less authentic than artisan products. (Workman C, 2005) 2. 2. 3 Premium foods. Premium products use quality ingredients and careful methods but can be made on an industrial scale. (Workman C, 2005) 2. 2. 4 End Product. Products made by artisan have optimum taste, texture, and flavours or aromas, (and nutrition/health benefits). They resonate with place, tradition and culture (authenticity), and reflect the producer, his/her skill, personality and ethos, and the method of production. They often have an established and stable reputation. Often they are made for fresh consumption locally, or are available in limited quantities, providing a unique, exclusive experience (often including the purchase e. g. at a market/direct with the producer). They therefore also have a high prestige factor and high profile with respect to the quantity produced and distributed. Producers of artisan products are usually hands-on from production through to sales. They are very experienced, skilled and show an uncompromised commitment to their craft, trade and to the superior taste of their products. Often there are small numbers of people making any one kind of artisan product. (Workman C, 2005) 2. 3 Food Tourism During the 20th Century, industrialisation began to threaten artisan producers and many abandoned their traditional techniques. But in the past two decades, there’s been a resurgence in demand for quality products made by time-honoured methods†¦Food tourism has become big business, worth nearly ? 4bn a year. (Lane M,2005) Food has many roles to play for consumers: it is functional (sustaining life); it plays a key role in our celebrations; it is a conduit for socializing; it is entertaining; it is sensuous and sensual; and it is a way of experiencing new cultures and countries. For many, food becomes highly experiential (i. e. much more than functional) when it is part of a travel experience, it can become sensuous and sensual, symbolic and ritualistic, and can take on new significance and meaning. Even the most basic meal can be etched in memory forever when it is eaten when surrounded by awe-inspiring scenery or at the end of a special day exploring a new city. (Hall M and McIntosh 2000) Swarbrooke and Horner have stated that food tourism stakeholders such as restaurant and cafe owners, cookery school providers, festival organizers, hotel and resort managers, bed and breakfast operators, and food producers. By understanding how tourists make their decisions to purchase and/or consume food products we will be able to gain a better understanding of when we need to intervene in their decision-making process. Appropriate intervention can, in turn, be used to persuade them to purchase ‘our’ food products and services. Consumer behaviour research is the study of why people, either individually or in groups, buy the product they do and how they make their decision (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). Food tourism is something that is becoming more commonly understood. But how would someone decide where to go, and what to see? http://www. foodtourism. com/ Tourists who enjoy luxury food and patisserie generally make every attempt to at least visit Harrods while in the UK. Often, like the researcher at the visit first to Harrods tourists only visit and see, but, at their second visit at least a small amount of luxury food or patisserie is purchased. Although, consumer spending has slowed down in the UK, Harrods has shown an increase in profits in their Patisserie and Bakery section with its luxury food items. 2. 4 Consumer buying behaviour Kolb M. (2006) associates Maslow’s theory and consumer purchasing as she states Maslow’s theory has a direct application for marketing because many of these needs are met through the purchase of products. Infact, once a consumer has all the food, clothing and shelter they need, all other purchases are made to meet higher needs. Thus, the researcher can state that in order to meet some part of one’s self esteem needs, UK and international consumers may be relating to Harrods luxury Patisserie and Bakery food to experience self actualization and thus for Harrods this has created a niche. The interest in premium, specialty and artisan products is also influenced by the static growth in population, which has lead to a static growth in overall grocery sales. In this situation, foods that command a premium price and higher margins become the only growth sector, and therefore become the target of multiples. Artisan, specialty and premium foods are therefore gaining broader distribution in the multiple retail sector. Workman C (2005) 2. 5 Consumer buying Trends The growth of specialty fine food is attributable to Increasing consumer affluence as consumer wealth increase, so does the demand for more premium, value added products as opposed to cost-reduced commodity products†¦10% of population in UK is defined as affluent – this figure is expected to rise to 30%. When it does premium food, including specialty food is expected to account for 45% of total food sales in UK. The specialty market is worth ? 4. 2 b in UK and has grown from 20% from 3. 5 bn in 2003. British fine food consumers spend ? 900 per year on fine food. Workman C ( 2005) CHAPTER THREE Research Methodology 3. 1 Introduction This chapter discusses the different aspects involved in the methodology used to conduct the present study of Consumption of Luxury Food in Harrods Food’s Patisserie and Bakery Food Hall. It highlights methodological approaches which will allow scope of the Research study in a sustained process of planning and design. The consideration of the process will influence the choice of methods and approaches that will be presented. This chapter, for that reason contains a discussion of the research purpose, research approach, research strategy, data collection methods, data analysis and quality standards. 3. 2 Research Purpose Yin (1994) states that research purpose can be grouped and classified as exploratory, descriptive or explanatory. Exploratory research is conducted to clarify the nature of a problem, where the purpose is to provide insights and understanding, not to provide conclusive evidence. Exploratory research is conducted with the expectation that subsequent research will proceed (Zikmund, 2000:Bryman,1989). An exploratory study method is used when the aim is to develop proposition of future research (Yin,1994). A descriptive research is used when the major objective is to describe something, such as population or a phenomenon. It seeks to answer who, what, where and how questions. In a nutshell, it does not give the explanation of the cause of the findings. However, when solving a business problem, it is often enough with the information obtained from describing a situation and it is not required to know why things are the way they are (Zikmund,2000). In order to perform a descriptive research, the researcher must have prior knowledge of the problem situation and the information needed is clearly defined. In fact, this is the major difference between exploratory and descriptive research, as well as that the descriptive research must be structured and the methods for the selecting sources of the information and collecting data are pre-planned and formal (Malhotra,1996). In explanatory research, the emphasis is on studying a situation or a problem in order to explain the relationship between variables (Saunders et al. ,2000). According to McNabb (2008) typical objectives for explanatory research include explaining why some phenomenon occurred, interpreting a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables, and explaining differences in two or more groups’ responses. The purpose of this Research Study is to gain an understanding of Harrods success within it’s luxury food service specifically their Patisserie and Bakery department Food Hall, Knightsbridge, London, UK. In order to achieve this objective, the Research Study will need to consider three core elements which will be how Harrods’ conducts their design, implementation and evaluation strategy of the customer. Since the aim of the research is to describe how Harrods operates within the Luxury food service industry, the study is descriptive in nature. 3. 3 Research Approach According to Zikmund (2000) research can be conducted in different ways and includes both a theoretical and a methodological approach. The theoretical approach can either be deductive or inductive, and the methodological approach is qualitative or quantitative (Zikmund 2000) 3. 3. 1 Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Zikmund (2000) further states that when collecting information, either qualitative or quantitative data can be collected. Qualitative approach may consider the following methods for gathering information like: Participant Observation, Non-participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflective Journals, Structured Interview, Semi-structured Interview, Unstructured Interview, and Analysis of documents and materials. In contrast, quantitative methods for research techniques include gathering of quantitative data, like information dealing with numbers which is measurable. Statistics, tables and graphs, are generally used to present the results of these methods. They are distinguished from qualitative methods. The study, under focus is quantitative using an exploratory design. This kind of method is widely used to gain familiarity with a phenomenon that is not adequately explored. The researcher feels the need to explore this issue since there is not much data relating to Consumption of Luxury Food in Harrods Food’s Patisserie and Bakery Food Hall. 3. 4 Sampling Techniques The universe will comprise of ‘simple random sampling’ method to select samples. This will enable the researcher achieve the desired information. According to Kumar (2008), this type of sampling is also as chance sampling or probability sampling where each and every item in the population has an equal change of inclusion in the sample and each one of the possible samples, in case of finite universe, has the same probability of being selected. To select the sample, ‘each item’ in this research study will be assigned a number from 1 to 100. The sample survey will cover respondents in the age group of 18 years and above only. This will ensure that the respondents are old enough to understand and answer questions in the interview schedule. 3. 5 Population The sample size of this study is intended to be 30-50 respondents, in the age group of 18 years and above. The study will have to be completed in Harrods Patisserie and Bakery Food Hall, Knightsbridge, London. The population will only include consumers and purchasers from the above food hall. 3. 6 Research Instruments For the purpose of this research study both primary and secondary data relevant to this topic will be used. Without the use of both instruments the research study will not verify facts and the scope of analysis if not used together will not make the research interesting. 3. 6. 1 Primary Data Primary data for this research study will result from firsthand experience with the use of questionnaires for preliminary gathering of data. Questionnaires will be prepared prior to in-depth interviews with respondents at Harrods. 3. 6. 2 Secondary Data Sources. For the scope of this research study Secondary Data Sources will include literature review with sources from the library, web, and surveys. Other secondary sources of data will be sourced and will include thesis, newspapers and internal company reports. 3. 6. 3 Data Collection Instruments This section will include the 30-50 respondents completing a questionnaire. The interview schedule will be prepared on the basis of study objectives and aims with structured open ended and close ended questions. Section A may cover income, Section B may cover types of Luxury food and section C on consumption of luxury food. 3. 6. 4 Interviews At the time of the respondents’ completing the questionnaire the researcher will interview the respondents. This approach will enable the researcher gain a better comprehension of consumer spending on Luxury Food items in Harrods. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0 PROPOSED ANALYSIS This chapter will highlight the Research plan as it will outline the steps for conducting the research in terms of description, timing and presentation. It will be used as a guide to execute and monitor the project which will enable the researcher to achieve the purposes of the research. The data collected will be analysed and presented diagrammatically in tables and charts. This will then enable empirical findings to be compared. In order to carry out statistical analysis of the quantitative data obtained, the Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) and Microsoft Word software will be used to develop a comprehensive and flexible statistical analysis and data management for the research. This will enable a range of tabulated reports, graphs, pie charts, and analysis. 4. 1 Schedule. |Planned activities | | | |March |April |May |June |July | |Topic Selection |X |X | | | | |Literature Review | |X |X | | | |Meeting with Group | |X | | | | |Meeting with Supervisor | |X |X |X |X | |Seek Permission from Harrods | | |X | | | |Write up Questionnaire for data collection | | |X | | | |Data Collection at Harrods | | |X | | | |Analysis of data & Findings | | |X |X |X | |Write up of Dissertation Introduction | | | |X | | |Write up of Dissertation Overview | | | |X | | |Drawing up summary and conclusion | | | | |X | |Proof Reading | | | | |X | |Presentation of Research | | | | |X | |Final Submission | | | | |X |. CHAPTER FIVE ANTICIPATED OUTCOMES The results of this research will provide a specific insight for Harrods Patisserie and Bakery Food Hall into consumer behaviour, trends and patterns. Secondly, the research findings and recommendations may enlighten Harrods on ways to continue to stay on top of the market in any economic climate as a global brand. Lastly, the findings may entice Harrods to create a more vigorous forecasted marketing strategy to cater to its tourist and local trends throughout the year. References & Bibliography Alpert, J. I. and M. I. Alpert (1990). â€Å"Music influences on mood and purchase intentions. † Psychology & Marketing 7: 109-34. Aghazadeh, S. -M. (2005). â€Å"Layout strategies for retail operations: A case study. † Management Research News 28(10): 31 – 46. Berry, C. J. (1994) The Idea of Luxury, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Baumann, D. J. , R. B. Cialdini, et al. (1981). â€Å"Altruism as hedonism: helping and self-gratification as equivalent responses. † Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40: 1039-46. Batra, R. and O. T. 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Business Law in Canada for Vicarious Liability †Free Samples

In order to ensure that clients are protected by businesses, their is the need to ensure that there is a clear structure that has been put in place to guarantee the same. Vicarious liability is one of the doctrines that has been put in place in order to ensure that mistakes that are made by employees while in the course of their duty are placed on the businesses. This ensures that employers are able to manage their employee effectively in order to ensure that no mistakes are realized as a result of the same. As it has been noted above, vicarious liability does not place too much liability to businesses. It is essential for employers to ensure that their employees effectively handle their clients in order to minimize any risk that may be imminent. It must also be understood that   bouncers do not have equal power to police officers. Therefore, they should not be allowed to harass people while on duty to a point whereby damage is realized. This should be blamed on the employer who should be able to train their employees on how to behave and handle clients. Nickels, W. G., McHugh, J. M., McHugh, S. M., Cossa, R., & Sproule, B. (2010). Understanding Canadian Business.  McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto, ON. Yates, R. A. (2012).  Legal Fundamentals for Canadian Business. Pearson Education Canada. Fudge, J., Tucker, E., & Vosko, L. F. (2003). Employee or Independent Contractor-Charting the Legal Significance of the Distinction in Canada.  Canadian Lab. & Emp. LJ,  10, 193. Yates, R., Bereznicki-Korol, T., & Clarke, T. (2002).  Business   law in Canada. Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice Hall. Tardif v.  Wiebe 1996 Carswell B.C. 2438  (B.C.S.C.) Bowal, P., & Bontorin, L. (2014). Vicarious Liability: The Legal Responsibility of Employers.

JavaServer Page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JavaServer Page - Essay Example It is alike to PHP, though for the difference, it uses Java Programming Language. JSP is Java Servlet’s high-level abstraction (Bill 2014, p.1). A JSP component is designed as a type of Java Servlet, to do the work of the interface of a user for java web application. They are written as text files combining XML elements, XHTML or HTML codes, as well as the embedded JSP commands and actions (Bomer 2014, p.1). With the use of JSP, input from users can be collected through, database present records and web page forms to dynamically create web pages. JSP tags also have a variety of user purposes such as registering user preferences, retrieving data or information from a database, accessing JavaBeans components, sharing information between requests and passing control between pages (Janssen 23). However, there is program code further division, inside the Application Server, into the three logical tiers. This is fractal in some kind: app server object design which unites the whole system architecture. The diagram below shows the Three-Tier architecture. (Kumar 2008, p. 1) The JSP technology is responsible for dynamically creating Web-based content using middle-tier processing. It does this by splitting the Application Logic from Page Design and then compressing logic in reusable and portable Java components (Walsh 2012, p.1). The logical tier (Middle Tier) is removed from the Presentation Tier and controls the functionality of an application, on its own, by performing processing in details (Walsh 2012, p.1). Any code that is not related to retrieving and storing data, as well as to formatting data for user’s display is business logic, in three-tier architecture. For several reasons, it makes sense to store in separate objects, this business logic (Walker 2014). These objects are comprised in the middle tier. However the divisions are often blurry, between the three layers, and business logic is best in most programs. The terms main

Impact of Income and Social Status on Health Essay

Impact of Income and Social Status on Health - Essay Example Studies have shown that there are no clear lines in the operation of these variables because they cut across certain universal truths. For instance, lifestyle diseases have demonstrated prevalence across the income and age divides in recent times (Skolnik, 2008; Mirowsky & Ross, 2003). Therefore, the effect of income and social status on health should be determined from an aggregate of factors that work in the modern society. Income and Social Status Health is significantly reliant on the variables of income and social status. Naturally, high-income status and socio-economic status play a positive role on matters of health. Individuals and groups placed at higher income levels and socioeconomic status have a wider choice when it comes to matters of health (Mirowsky & Ross, 2003). On the other hand, individuals with low-income levels and socioeconomic status could be more vulnerable to some of the common challenges that attend to the subject of health. Similarly, richer countries that manifest high levels of per-capita income are more likely to engage health challenges than poor countries. However, a range of studies has reinforced the fact that populations in both rich and poor countries are not homogenous (Riegelman, 2009). Categories within these populations will manifest different levels of capacities to engage with health challenges. As a result, it becomes necessary to determine the kind of issues that affect various sections of populations basing purely on the variable of income and social status.... The United States is one of the countries that has appreciated the challenges brought about by inequalities in income and social status in relation to matters of healthcare. The United States has developed legal structures to ensure some form of parity in healthcare provision across the income divide (Levine, 2009). The American Healthcare Bill otherwise known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act was aimed towards addressing the income and social status components of health care. The merits of this bill are anchored in its vigorous advocacy of affordable healthcare for all American citizens. Deliberate restructuring in the sector have been made so that the burden of the cost of medication might shift more on collective taxation, the state and insurance firms rather than on individuals (Levine, 2009). The Health Care Bill proposes a number of safeguards that are meant to shield the citizenry from the unsteady costs of medical care. The bill sought to restore stabil ity and predictability in the expenditure on medical care. The primary concern was that a revised form of insurance systems would distribute the costs of medical care equally across various statuses, and other social stratifications. Towards this objective, the bill provided that people who earned more should be made to incur more in medical care than those who earned less. Another important safeguard of this bill was that it would no longer be possible for insurance firms to abandon their clients who became ill. This particular measure was aimed to arrest a sweeping trend where insurance firms deregister clients who are taken ill. For medical professionals this bill means

Internal analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal analysis - Essay Example Financial Resources and Analysis The financial resource of a company is the money available to the company in the form of cash, cash equivalents, credit lines and liquid securities. An entrepreneur needs to have sufficient amount of cash to operate a business successfully. Analytical tools like ratio analysis determine the profitability and business risks of the company. The management of the company needs to analyze the company’s profitability, business risks and financial condition to take a decision related with the company (Abacus, â€Å"Management†). The company had generated sales of $12 million in the financial year 2011. The current ratio signifies the company’s ability to meet the short term obligations of the company and a current ratio between 1.5 and 3.0 signifies that the company is in a healthy condition (Brigham, and Houston 87). The current ratio of ABS is 0.77 and 1.12 in the financial year 2011 and 2012 respectively. The company’s ability to meet its short term liabilities was very poor in the year 2011, however the company’s current ratio strengthened in the year 2012. ... The debt to equity ratio was negative in the financial year 2011 and improved considerably in the financial year 2012. The cash ratio of a company determines the ability of the company to repay its short term liabilities in a short time. The cash ratio of the company should be equal to or below 1.00. The cash ratio of ABS is 0.22 and 0.64 in the financial year 2011 and 2012 respectively. The cash ratio of the company is stronger in the year 2012 which signifies that the company has the ability to repay its current liabilities immediately by using cash or cash equivalents (Gibson 246). The inventory turnover ratio indicates the effective use of the company’s inventory management practices (Andrew, and Gallagher 97). The inventory turnover ratio of the company is 17.16; a high inventory turnover ratio is unhealthy because they represent an investment with a rate of zero. The return of the shareholder’s equity indicates the profitability to the shareholders of the company after including the tax and other expenses. The return on equity ratio in the year 2011 was negative which indicates that the shareholders did not receive any profit in the same year. This was mainly due to the fact that the hospitality industry was not performing well during recession. At the present situation, the hospitality industry is earning meagre profits because the economy is recovering from recession. The return on equity ratio was 5.06 percent in the year 2012 which signifies that the company is yielding profits and may provide better returns to the shareholders in the future. The current ratio of the company has been rising and the acid test ratio is weak. A strong current ratio coupled with a

Living with Physical disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living with Physical disability - Essay Example riences when others make them go through the â€Å"rough and sometimes inadvertently hurtful process of recognizing what is wrong† with them (Hoagland, qtd. in McQuade and Atwan 138). This paper intends to discuss that physically disabled people are unable to perform their life activities in a normal way. I remember how my uncle had to go through hard time to get employment because he was handicapped. When he applied in a company for job, he did not get employment because they only employed fit persons. I still remember how much stress and depression he was in during those days since he was lagging behind in life because of something he could not help. After the government of America passed the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), he took a sigh of relief because then he could get a job on the basis of handicapped persons’ seat. One of the major responsibilities of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is to make accommodations for disabled employees, under the title I of the Act. ADA makes sure that the disabled employees do not have to face discrimination by their seniors or co-workers when they are at the workplace. The emphasis is on the elimination of discrimination which may arise in â€Å"recruitment, hiring, promotions, training, pay, social activities, and other privileges of employment† (U.S. Department of Justice). Till now, my uncle is getting all privileges that facilitate him in his performance at the workplace. Family support is crucial. If the members of the family will not give emotional and physical support to the disabled person, he will get socially isolated and this will add to his depression, loneliness and negativism. Family must assist him in getting all possible treatments so that he may have a chance to lead a normal life and perform his life activities in normal way. If treatment is not possible, still emotional and moral support is must. In short, physically disabled persons are the ones who are in need of our

Briefly discuss the functions of NAT, ICS, and WINS as well as their Essay

Briefly discuss the functions of NAT, ICS, and WINS as well as their uses - Essay Example It does the access control to resources between computers on the either sides of the firewall. NAT also conserves the number of public addresses used within an organization, considering the economic and security aspects Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is the Microsoft’s NetBIOS name resolution service for the TCP/IP networks. WINS helps the users to access the resources with NetBIOS names in the remote network. WINS supports NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT). Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) is a feature implemented in Windows Operating system to share a single Internet connection present in one computer with the other computers on the same local area network. ICS works with the help of Dynamical host control protocol of (DHCP) and network address translation (NAT).This Internet connection sharing is done by using a device with Internet access such as 3G cellular service, broadband via Ethernet, or other Internet gateway as the access point for the other devices

Are Affirmative Action laws fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Are Affirmative Action laws fair - Essay Example While affirmative action was initially designed to provide opportunity, the laws that are currently implemented are unfair and move against the initial intent of the action. The changes in culture and society, as well as the alterations in educational institutions and in requirements for education have led affirmative action into becoming illegitimate. Instead of presenting new opportunities to minorities, it creates disadvantages to providing equal opportunity within educational systems. When affirmative action began, it was based on opening doors for those that didn’t have opportunity within educational systems or with jobs because of their race, ethnicity or gender. However, in the current educational system, as well as in the work force, the idea of affirmative action has begun to change the way that many look at individuals who are applying for the same job. By the laws, it is required that every corporation and school have a percentage of minorities or ethnicities to show that there is equal opportunity within the work place. This basic requirement has led many to look beyond the main employment needs and instead to offer equal opportunity by providing a balance in diversity. Some researchers (Merritt, Reskin, 1997), have found that work environments and educational institutions will often overlook the credentials and the experience of professionals that are hired. Instead, they will look at hiring those that will present a sense of diversity within the work force. Personal characteristics, such as marital status and age, as well as race and gender, became some of the main priorities to those that were hiring. Supplementing this with experience then creates a different level of accountability to the educational institution or work force area (Merritt, Reskin, 1997). The demands for work areas and educational institutions to show diversity so they can continue to stand against affirmative action laws is only one of the unfair aspects that

Phase 3 Discussion Board (LOG676) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 3 Discussion Board (LOG676) - Coursework Example The paper will compare the involvement of the United States in humanitarian supply chains and that of Kenya. In 2004, the earthquake and tsunami claimed close to 230000 lives while displacing 1.7 million other people. In the United States, the response was unprecedented and unequaled mobilizing over US$565 million, in both cash and kind. Kenya has been involved in hosting refugees drawn from the neighboring war-torn Somalia and Sudan as well as providing soldiers under AMISON. In any disaster response management as pointed out by practitioners, and researchers, the effectiveness of any emergency drill rely entirely on logistic speed and efficiency. While both countries face the same problems like the impact of political and decision makers in the humanitarian supply chain, other factors such as certainty as well as challenges in the supply of materials, are unique to either. With disaster management efforts measured in terms of uncertainty and complexity, the United States is better equipped with rapid response materials. The main humanitarian arms in the U. S government are the State Department’s Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration, USAID, which work with the intergovernmental organizations like the UNHCR CARE and the Catholic Relief Services. While in Kenya, the Kenya Defense Forces, and the Red Cross standout. In my opinion, what makes the response of the United States more concerted is the almost seamless organization in the structure of disaster management as compared to Kenya. Companies involved in roles such as donors, collectors, and providers seem to be well synchronized. It explains why most interventions such as those in Afghanistan and the Iraqi were successful. Companies also offer technological support and staff who are tasked with ensuring efficiency. Thus, the technological advancements help the staff access remote and almost inaccessible areas (Lee, 2003). The United States, as opposed to Kenya, has also ensured that there

Down these mean streets by Thomas Piri Essay Example for Free

Down these mean streets by Thomas Piri Essay Years after its original publication, Piri Thomas’s Down These Mean Streets remains as powerful, immediate, and shocking as it was when it first stunned readers. In this classic confessional autobiography, firmly in the tradition of Eldridge Cleaver’s Soul on Ice and The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Piri Thomas describes the experience of growing up in the barrio of Spanish Harlem, a labyrinth of lawlessness, drugs, gangs, and crime. The teenaged Piri seeks a place for himself in barrio society by becoming a gang leader, and as he grows up his life spirals into a self-destructive cycle of drug addiction and violence, the same cycle that he sees all around him and hardly knows how to break. Piri is also troubled by a very personal problem: much darker than his brothers and sisters, he decides that he, unlike his siblings, is black, and that he must come to terms with life as a black American. Eventually arrested for shooting two men in an armed robbery, Piri spends six years in Sing and Comstock prisons. With insight and poetry he describes his time in prison, the dreams and emotions that prompted him finally to start life again as a writer, street poet, and performer, and how he became an activist with a passionate commitment to reaching and helping today’s youth. One of the most striking features of Down These Mean Streets is its language. â€Å"It is a linguistic event,† said The New York Times Book Review. â€Å"Gutter language, Spanish imagery and personal poetics†¦mingle into a kind of individual statement that has very much its own sound. † Piri Thomas’s brilliant way with words, his ability to make language come alive on the page, should prove attractive to young people and inspire them to look at writing and literature in fresh new ways. Thirty years ago Piri Thomas made literary history with this lacerating, lyrical memoir of his coming of age on the streets of Spanish Harlem. Here was the testament of a born outsider: a Puerto Rican in English-speaking America; a dark-skinned morenito in a family that refused to acknowledge its African blood. Here was an unsparing document of Thomass plunge into the deadly consolations of drugs, street fighting, and armed robberya descent that ended when the twenty-two-year-old Piri was sent to prison for shooting a cop. As he recounts the journey that took him from adolescence in El Barrio to a lock-up in Sing to the freedom that comes of self-acceptance, faith, and inner confidence, Piri Thomas gives us a book that is as exultant as it is harrowing and whose every page bears the irrepressible rhythm of its authors voice. Thirty years after its first appearance, this classic of manhood, marginalisation, survival, and transcendence is available in an anniversary edition with a new Introduction by the author. The questions, assignments, and discussion topics that follow are designed to guide your students as they approach the many issues raised in Down These Mean Streets. The questions of race and culture, of drugs, and of crime and punishment are all treated in the book, and should provide jumping-off points for many fruitful discussions. Another important element of the book is its vivid description of the youth culture of the barrio. Ask your students not only to pay special attention to that culture, but also to compare it with their own, and to look for similarities even when similarities might not be immediately evident. Piri Thomas gained the distance and objectivity to observe his world without prejudice or self-deception; your students should try to do the same. Finally, the students should be encouraged to look at the book not only as a cultural document, but also as a work of literature. Ask them to examine the language Thomas uses, his choice of words, the â€Å"flow† of the story. How does he create his informal tone, his sense of immediacy? This work might help change your students’ ideas about the â€Å"right† way to write, and inspire them to try to find their own individual voices. To what extent is Harlem’s communal code of pride, masculinity, and â€Å"rep† re-created in prison life? How does life inside prison resemble life outside? â€Å"The reasoning that my punishment was deserved was absent. As prison blocks off your body, so it suffocates your mind.† [pp. 255–56] Does this indicate to you an essential fault in the prison system? Do you think that the advice Piri gives Tico about how to deal with Rube is good? Is prison a purely negative experience for Piri, or are there good things about it? Which of the people he meets while in prison enrich and improve his life? Does Piri decide not to join the rioters, or is the decision essentially made for him by the hacks? Why does Chaplin/Muhammed believe that Christianity is the white man’s religion, Islam the black man’s? Do outside or societal factors play a role in Chaplin/ Muhammad’s choice of religions? As he leaves prison, Piri says, â€Å"I am not ever going to be the same. I’m changed all right. † [p. 306] In what ways has Piri changed, and what has changed him? Which of his ideas have been altered by his time in prison? Piri presents himself as a product of his race, culture, and community, but many of his traits are purely his own. How would you describe Piri’s personality? Poppa: What kind of a person is Poppa? What makes him proud, what makes him ashamed? Is he a good or bad father, a good or bad husband? Do you find him sympathetic? Trina: Piri sees Trina as nearly perfect. How would you describe her? Do you think that she behaves passively toward Piri, or does she demonstrate spirit of her own? What do you think of her response to Dulcien’s baby? Brew: How would you describe Brew’s character? What has given him his outlook on life, and how does it differ from Alayce’s? How does he perceive Piri? Why does he agree to go south with Piri? Chaplin/Muhammed: What has made Muhammed hate Christianity? What does Islam mean to him? Piri Thomas uses a number of pungent expressions, both in Spanish and English. How does the language he uses express his character and his world? Write a two-page essay describing one day in your life. Use your own style of talking, and try to be as colloquial as possible. What might your essay tell the reader about you, your friends, and your world? The youth culture in Spanish Harlem to which Piri and his friends belong has certain firm, if unwritten, rules. Would you say the same is true of your own school or neighborhood? What are the rules that govern the behavior of young people you know? What do you feel you have to do to be â€Å"cool,† to be accepted, to belong? Write a short essay describing the social rules your own friend’s follow. Piri is describing a specific period in time: the 1940s. Do you find that the life a family like the Thomas’s lived has changed much since that time? Make a list of the things that have changed for teenagers like Piri, and of the things that have stayed the same. Reference †¢ Down these mean streets by Thomas Piri

E-recruitment Essay Example for Free

E-recruitment Essay This is,in my opinion, a development that is inevitable and wil be long lasting, yet appeared to be difficult to implement. As my interests are in Human Resource management, I fenced my research question by focusing on the implementation of e-recruitment and analyzing why the system did not deliver the desired outcomes. Literature assumed the relation between a proper implementation and a successful technology. Many big organizations use Internet as a source of recruitment. E-recruitment is the use of technology to assist the recruitment process. They advertise job vacancies through worldwide web. The job seekers send their applications or curriculum vitae i. e. CV through e mail using the Internet. Alternatively job seekers place their CV’s in worldwide web, which can be drawn by prospective employees depending upon their requirements. In this project more emphasize is given to the various E-recruitment processes or practices used in Indian people and it is also focused that how they differ among the old recruitment processes or practices. Effective E-recruitment is given a more knowledgeable and qualitative people who work related to the entire profile and given a best for his qualification. Its hierarchical structure gives preference to good knowledgeable person, and it is a best environment for attracting the best talent in the market. So, here are given some effective processes to go through a good job in the help of e-recruitment. Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge our sincere thanks to our director who gave us an opportunity to prepare a grand project and prove our ability. Our sincere thanks to Prof Harsh Modha, our project guide who helped us a lot throughout this project and guided us in a right direction and his expertise in this topic also helped us to gain in-depth knowledge. We would like to gratitude our earnest thanks to the professors of MBA Department-NGI. â€Å"With sincere Regards†, Pooja Nimavat Declaration I am Pooja Nimavat, students of M. B. A – Sem. IV hereby declare that the project work presented in this report is our own work and has been carried out under supervision and guidance of Prof Harsh Modha,(Department of Management) Noble Group of Institutions, Junagadh Gujarat Technological University. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for any other Examination. Date: 28-5-2011 Place: Pooja Nimavat. Executive Summary Recruitment is important for organizations since it performs the essential function of drawing an important resource into the organization. It has a strategic aim as it focuses on the need to attract high quality people in order to gain a competitive advantage. A new development in this domain is the use of the internet to attract potential employees to an organization, and is referred to as e-recruitment. Yet, in previous research it appeared that only 25% of the organizations indicated achieving strong success with e-recruitment (Chapman amp; Webster, 2003). In addition, e-recruitment success seems to be established by its process and procedure. Simultaneously, the consultancy is one of these organizations that report achieving only limited success with their e recruitment technology. Although it is known that e-recruitment success can be established by a successful e-recruitment implementation, further results regarding e-recruitment procedure are unknown. However, it is necessary to understand where of e-recruitment system comprises, because e-recruitment process is a matter of today. Therefore, the research goal is to good talented and  qualitative people are find out and give a good job opportunity and end the search of job. In comparison to other research, e-recruitment is, in this research, approached from the corporate perspective instead of the applicant view or interest. Based on a literature study, a theoretical framework is constructed to approach e-recruitment process. E-recruitment procedure consists of two groups of enabl ers, which are defined as e-recruitment system strength and e-recruitment management strength. The outcomes of e-recruitment are included as well, and referred to as success indicators. Based on this, three sub-questions are formulated: What are the characteristics of e-recruitment system strengths? What are the characteristics of e-recruitment types? What are the characteristics of e-recruitment success process? Based on document analysis and some recruitment process, these sub-questions are explored. It becomes clear that gains less success with their e-recruitment technology than expected. This cannot be grounded on factual data because of the missing tool, management reports. The technology turns out to contribute neither to time nor cost savings, and is perceived by users to be unfriendly. In addition, users pointed out that they find it even worse that the technology is applicant unfriendly. As these success indicators pointed out to be less positive, the technology seemed to be used in an appropriated manner. Returning to the assumption made in the beginning, there might be implied that the process was less-than successful, since a successful implementation should result in a system that delivers the desired outcomes. It reviews the list of objectives of the company and tries to achieve them by promoting the company in the minds of public. 2. It forecasts how many people will be required in the company. 3. It enables the company to advertise itself and attract talented people. 4. It provides different opportunities to procure human resource. Methods of Recruitment Recruitment is a process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs. Companies can adopt different methods of recruitment for selecting people in the company. These methods are: 1. Internal sources 2. External sources The sources can be further explained with the help of following diagram: Internal Sources of Recruitment Internal sources of recruitment refer to obtaining people for job from inside the company. There are different methods of internal recruitment: 1. Promotion Companies can give promotion to existing employees. This method of recruitment saves a lot of time, money and efforts because the company does not have to train the existing employee. Since the employee has already worked with the company. He is familiar with the working culture and working style. It is a method of encouraging efficient workers. 2. Departmental examination This method is used by government departments to select employees for higher level posts. The advertisement is put up on the notice board of the department. People who are interested must send their application to the HR department and appear for the exam. Successful candidates are given the higher level job. The method ensures proper selection and impartiality. 3. Transfer Many companies adopt transfer as a method of recruitment. The idea is to select talented personnel from other branches of the company and transfer them to branches where there is shortage of people. 4. Retirement Many companies call back personnel who have already retired from the organization. This is a temporary measure. The method is beneficial because it gives a sense of pride to the retired when he is called back and helps the organization to reduce recruitment selection and training cost. 5. Internal advertisement In this method vacancies in a particular branch are advertised in the notice board. People who are interested are asked to apply for the job. The method helps in obtaining people who are ready to shift to another branch of the same company and it is also beneficial to people who want to shift to another branch. Employee recommendation In this method employees are asked to recommend people for jobs. Since the employee is aware of the working conditions inside the company he will suggest people who can adjust to the situation. The company is benefited because it will obtain. Advantages of Internal Recruitment 1. Internal methods are time saving. 2. No separate induction program is required. 3. The method increases loyalty and reduces labour turnover. 4. This method is less expensive. Disadvantages of Internal Recruitment 1. There is no opportunity to get new talent in this method.

The Role Of Women In Islam Theology Religion Essay

The Role Of Women In Islam Theology Religion Essay In todays day and age, there is a general perception that womens rights reached its momentum with the start of the Womens Liberation Movement of the 20th century, specifically between the 1970s-1980s. However, from the Islamic point of view, womens liberation was not started by some radical political groups of the West, but was revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) in as long ago as the 7th century. The Quran and the Traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna) guarantee every Muslim woman certain rights and duties. II. Women in Ancient Civilizations In order to get achieve a better insight of the status of women today, it is worthwhile to preview how women were treated in previous civilizations and religions that precede Islam (Pre-610 C.E). India: During the era of the Aryan civilization (2500 B.C), women were accorded almost the same status as men. Women were educated, had a say in their marriage decisions and own their own properties. Even prostitutes were admired for their expertise in the art of music and dance and widows were allowed to remarry. This trend took a nose-diving turn with the start of the Medieval era (1500 B.C) and unfortunately resulted in practices like Satti( dying with the husband at the funeral pyre), Jauhar (wives immolating themselves when they realized that their husbands were going to die in enemy hands) and child marriages. Rome: was a typically male dominated society; so much so that in the Roman Republic a man could legally kill his wife or daughter if they questioned his authority. Women were also kept out of positions of power. They were not allowed to be senators, governors, lawyers, judges or any of the other official positions involved in running the Roman Empire. Women were also not allowed to vote in elections. Athens: In the 5th century women in ancient Athenian societies were given no legal rights and were allowed to leave the house only for short distances with a chaperone. It was a common belief that women were emotional creatures who were dangerous to themselves and needed to be taken care of by men. Although women might own some personal items and have charge of a slave or two, they could not own property or enter into contracts. III. Rights of a Muslim woman In the Quran Allah frequently addresses both the man and the woman. In one passage Allah reveals: For Muslim men and women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women who are patient, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who give in charity, for men and women who fast, for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allahs praise For them all has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward. (33:35) i) Social Status: As a daughter -In Pre-Islamic Arabian tribes, the practice of female infanticide was a norm. However, according to the Quran, this practice is prohibited in Islam:- And when the girl (who was) buried alive is asked, for what sin she was killed. (81:8-9). -Moreover, the Quran even rebukes the unwelcoming attitude of some parents:- And when one of them is informed of (the birth of) a female, his face becomes dark, and he suppresses grief.   He hides himself from the people because of the ill of which he has been informed.   Should he keep it in humiliation or bury it in the ground?   Certainly, evil is what they decide. (Quran 16:58-59). -Parents of a daughter are expected to treat her with justice and equality:- Whosoever supports two daughters until they mature, he and I will come on the Day of Judgment as this (and he pointed with his fingers held together). -The education of girls is supported:- Seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim. As a wife Islam views marriage as an equal partnership.   When a person gets married they neither marry a slave nor a master.  It is the basic, fundamental ideological fundamental of a Muslim that servitude belongs to God alone. Hence the Quran states:- And among His signs is this: That He created mates for you from yourselves that you may find rest, peace of mind in them, and He ordained between you love and mercy. Lo, herein indeed are signs for people who reflect. [Quran 30:21] To foster the love and security that comes with marriage, Muslim wives have several rights: the first one is to receive mahr from the husband, which is a gift as part of the marriage contract A wife has the right to kind treatment. The Prophet (P.B.U.H)) said: The most perfect believers are the best in conduct. And the best of you are those who are best to their wives. As far as divorce is concerned, God provides general guidelines for the process of divorce with emphasis throughout on both parties upholding the values of justice and kindness in formalizing the end to their marriage:- And when you divorce women and they have [nearly] fulfilled their term, either retain them according to acceptable terms or release them according to acceptable terms, and do not keep them, intending harm, to transgress [against them]. (Surah 2. 231) God encourages the husband and wife to appoint arbitrators as the first step to aid in reconciliation in the process of divorce. If the reconciliation step fails, both men and women are guaranteed their right to divorce as established in the Quran, but the question lies in what is the procedure for each. When a divorce is initiated by the man, it is known as talaq. The pronouncement by the husband may be verbal or written, but once done, a waiting period of three months (iddat) must take place in which there are no sexual relations even though the two are living under the same roof. The waiting period helps prevent hasty decisions made in anger and enables both parties to reconsider as well as determine if the wife is pregnant. If the wife is pregnant, the waiting period is lengthened until she delivers. At any point during this time, the husband and wife are free to resume their relationship, thereby stopping the divorce process. At this time, the husband remains financially respons ible for the support of his wife. The divorce initiated by the wife is known as khu (if the husband is not at fault) and entails the wife giving her dowry to end the marriage because she is the contract breaker. In the instance of talaq where the husband is the contract breaker, he must pay the dowry in full in cases where all or part of it was deferred. As a mother Mothers have greater right and deserve more kindness, help service, good treatment and companionship than the fathers because the mother is the first one to care for the children and she suffers more directly with daily hardships in their upbringing. This tradition indicates that a mother has three times the rights of that of a father due to the sufferings she experiences during the various stages of her childs life; in pregnancy, delivery, nursing, and raising the child. And We have enjoined on man to be dutiful and good to his parents. His mother bore him in weakness and hardship upon weakness and hardship. The duration of carrying him (in the womb) and weaning is two years. So thank Me and to your parents; unto Me is the final destination. [31:14] ii) Economic Aspect a) Womans Right to Property (Inheritance): From what is left by parents and those nearest related there is a share for men and a share for women, whether the property be small or large, a determinate share. (Surah 4, Ayah 7) b) Financial Security and Inheritance Laws: Financial security is assured for women. They are entitled to receive marital gifts without limit and to keep present and future properties and income for their own security, even after marriage. No married woman is required to spend any amount at all from her property and income on the household. The woman is entitled also to full financial support during marriage and during the waiting period (iddah) in case of divorce or widowhood. Some jurists require, in addition, one years support for divorce and widowhood (or until they remarry, if remarriage takes place before the year is over). A woman who bears a child in marriage is entitled to child support from the childs father. c) Employment: Whilst women carry the heavy burden of bearing and rearing children, they may still be at par with men, that is, they have the right to seek employment as long as this does not interfere with her primary role as a wife and a mother. In Islam, however, the value and importance of women in society and the true measure of their success as human beings, is measured with completely different criteria: their fear of Allah and obedience to Him, and fulfillment of the duties He has entrusted them with, particularly that of bearing, rearing and teaching children. iii) Political Rights Any fair investigation of the teachings of Islam into the history of the Islamic civilization will surely find a clear evidence of womans equality with man in what we call today political rights. This includes the right of election as well as the nomination to political offices. It also includes womans right to participate in public affairs. Both in the Quran and in Islamic history we find examples of women who participated in serious discussions and argued even with the Prophet (P) himself During the Caliphate of Omar Ibn al-Khattab, a woman argued with him in the mosque, proved her point, and caused him to declare in the presence of people: A woman is right and Omar is wrong. Although not mentioned in the Quran, one Hadeeth of the Prophet is interpreted to make woman ineligible for the position of head of state. The Hadeeth referred to is roughly translated: A people will not prosper if they let a woman be their leader. This limitation, however, has nothing to do with the dignity of woman or with her rights. It is rather, related to the natural differences in the biological and psychological make-up of men and women. According to Islam, the head of the state is no mere figurehead. He leads people in the prayers, especially on Fridays and festivities; he is continuously engaged in the process of decision-making pertaining to the security and well-being of his people. This demanding position, or any similar one, such as the Commander of the Army, is generally inconsistent with the physiological and psychological make-up of woman in general. It is a medical fact that during their monthly periods and during their pregnancies, women undergo various physiological and psychological changes. Such changes may occur during an emergency situation, thus affecting her decision, without considering the excessive strain which is produced. Moreover, some decisions require a maximum of rationality and a minimum of emotionality a requirement which does not coincide with the instinctive nature of women. Even in modern times, and in the most developed countries, it is rare to find a woman in the position of a head of state acting as more than a figurehead, a woman commander of the armed services, or even a proportionate number of women representatives in parliaments, or similar bodies. One can not possibly ascribe this to backwardness of various nations or to any constitutional limitation on womans right to be in such a position as a head of state or as a member of the parliament. It is more logical to explain the present situation in terms of the natural and indisputable differences between man and woman, a difference which does not imply any supremacy of one over the other. The difference implies rather the complementary roles of both the sexes in life. IV.Conclusion In this report, the status of women in Islam has been described as purely given in the Quran and revealed by the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). However, the role of women has not only been shaped by Islamic text but also by the history and culture of the Muslim world. Moreover, the issue of women in Islam has been viewed as highly controversial through the centuries. While it is believed that these revelations on womens liberation in the Quran made major improvements in the oppressed status of women in pre-Arab societies, the deterioration of this status took place soon after the death of the Prophet (P.B.U.H). With the growth of the Womens Liberation Movement in the West, many feminist writers came to view the practice of wearing the veil as a symbol of womens oppression and subservience to men. The hijaab in Islam is given as a way for women to conceal their attractiveness and appear dignified so that attention is drawn more to their character than physical beauty. Islam enjoins modest dress for both men and women, and in a Muslim society, the men as well as the women typically dress conservatively. The Quran tells them to dress modestly and cover their hair in all public situations, others insist that their whole body including hands and face are to be covered, yet others understand the guidance to mean a more general attitude of modesty both in dress and attitude. Many Muslim women freely choose to dress modestly in order to avoid the public scrutiny, judgments, and social dynamics associated with physical appearance. By dressing in ways that do not draw attention. Additionally, polygamy is seen as a sign of inequality amongst men and women. This concept is clarified stating that polygamy was introduced as a means to protect women and children who may otherwise be taken advantage of. Moreover, there are strict conditions placed on men to provide equal time and money to all their wives. The rights of divorce are also open to the wife if she is unfairly treated. The Prophet Muhammad was married to his first wife, Khadijah, for 25 years, and he did not take other wives until after her death. His marriages to several widows and divorcees in later years were primarily contracted for political and humanitarian reasons, as was expected of a man in his position. His home life was characterised by love, consideration, kindness and respect. Despite all these teachings in Islam it is no secret that some brutal traditions are still prevalent in many Muslim societies. In many parts of Pakistan, female infanticide is still on the rise. According to the Edhi Foundation, some 1000 babies were found dead in different parts of Pakistan in the year 2011. Even though the Hijaab is meant to be a symbol of modesty and social identity there are innumerable societies where the purdah is more of a cultural restriction than a matter of choice. Domestic violence against women is almost a norm in many societies where women dont come forward to claim their rights.

Shakespeare in Contemporary Movies Essay -- William Shakespeare Films

Shakespeare in Contemporary Movies In the middle of Looking for Richard, Al Pacino's documentary about making Richard III and bringing Shakespeare to the people, there is a moment which illuminates the relationship of scholarship, Shakespeare and popular culture. The director is ranting at Pacino for offering (threatening?) to bring a Shakespearean scholar into the film: You said you were going to find a scholar to speak directly into the camera and explain what really went down and I'm telling you that is ridiculous, that you know more about Richard III than any fucking scholar at Columbia or Harvard. Pacino tries to calm his friend down by pointing out that everyone, even a scholar, is entitled to an opinion about Shakespeare and that is the point of the film, to collect all opinions. In response, the director, intensely frustrated, explodes, "but why does he get to speak directly to the camera!?" If Shakespeare has become a secular bible for contemporary America, then the scholars, at Harvard, Columbia, or anywhere else, are the priests who interpret the holy writ for the uneducated masses. When academics insist that Shakespeare be read without "translation" into modern English, they do so because they believe that a great part of the value lies in the language. But America is a (largely) Protestant country and the masses have long since rebelled against the authority of priests and their interpretations of sacred texts. Shakespeare is respected not just as literature but as a repository of great truths; at the same time, people often mistrust and reject him as too "upper-class." Pacino does eventually allow a scholar to speak directly to the camera, but this serves only to undercut his autho... ...est. In each case (and especially in Renaissance Man), what those who use Shakespeare gain is just a way to fit into the world more comfortably. And in Dead Poets Society, Shakespeare is seen as creating a split too wide to be healed, leading to suicide. But even in other cases, the fragmented text is a way into the world of power and privilege, not a radical reordering of that world. Instead, popular culture’s freeing of Shakespeare results only in the individual readers agreeing to take over the task of policing socially acceptable readings and uses of the secular bible. Works cited Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Trans. Annette Lavers. New York: Farrar, 1972. Burt, Richard. "The Love that Dare Not Speak Shakespeare’s Name: New Shakesqueer Cinema" in Shakespeare the Movie. Ed. Lynda E. Boose and Richard Burt. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. 240-268.

Stereotypical Views Held About Women by Elizabethan Men in William Shak

Stereotypical Views Held About Women by Elizabethan Men in William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing Introduction ============ Much Ado About Nothing exemplifies a kind of deliberately puzzling title that seems to have been popular in the late 1590s. Indeed, the play is about nothing; it merely follows the relationships of Claudio and Hero, and in the end, the play culminates in the two other main characters falling in love, which, because it was an event that was quite predictable, proves to be much ado about nothing The pronunciation of the word "nothing" would, in the late 16th Century, have been "noting," and so the title also apparently suggests a pun on the word, "noting," and on the use of the word "note" as an expression of music. In II.3, Balthasar is encouraged to sing, but declines, saying, "note this before my notes; there's not a note of mine that's worth the noting." However, Don Pedro retorts, "à ¢? ¦Note notes, forsooth, and nothing," playing on Balthasar's words, and also demanding that he pay attention to his music and nothing else. In addition, much of the play is dedicated to people "noting" (or observing) the actions of others (such as the trick played on Beatrice and Benedick by Leonato, Hero and Claudio). They often observe and overhear one another, and consequently make a great deal out of very little. Furthermore, women were very oppressed and maltreated during the time, and their status in society was very low. Their names were tarnished with classes, such as "Goddess," "Adulterer," "whore/wife" and "Shrew", and each woman was classed under those headings. They were classed as "nothing" and ... ... in Britain has been exploding over the last 50 years. Majority of the top jobs are performed by men, even though the percentage is slowly sliding downwards, as more women demand equal rights. ===================================================================== Another Hierarchy is that of social class - people were split up into the top class, people like the king and people who were rich, the middle-class, people who were not rich, but not poor. Then, there was the poor class, who could not afford too much, and were very poor. In this play, not many people tell the truth. One of the only one's in the play who speaks the truth is Dogsberry - one of the poorest people in the play. He is adamant that the truth should prevail. This shows that even though he is a "commoner", he is still better than the upper-class.

Essay --

It has become obvious that some people cannot drive without having some form of anger at other drivers. These people are usually patient and kind outside of their vehicles; but as soon as they start up their car, a strange phenomenon begins- Road rage. How can kind natured people have road rage? Is there something about driving that makes people tick? A few doctors and psychologists have found answers behind this problem, and some of the answers are quite shocking. People around other drivers have become more aggressive, territorial, and mean. It happens every day. A person could be driving the speed limit but another car behind gets frustrated, rides too closely as if they are about to crash, and then speeds past honking like a maniac. Some people who have no temper problem admit to losing control when they are driving. â€Å"For some road ragers, it’s a need for control, to counter to other drivers who they feel violate their proxemic space, or their need for possession of their lane or their part of the road. For others, it’s unchecked anger and aggression. It’s hormone-based, primitive, small-brain thinking, bringing a lack of emotional intelligence or the need to dominate someone else and their unsharable space. Add in unchecked egos, the need for superiority, narcissistic pride: my vehicle is bigger than yours.† This is quoted by Dr. Steve Albrecht who has written the article The Psychology of Road Rage. According to Dr. Steve Albrecht, it seems like some people have road rage because they feel as if they own the road, and do not let anyone get in their way. When they do, they are seen as violating the person’s space. There is also shocking news coming from Dr. Emil Coccaro, in the article ‘Road Rage’ Gets a Medical Diagnosis... ... influence emotions and actions. Another way to help with road rage would be to set a good example on the road with children so they have less of a change to have road rage problems as well. Children usually copy the way their parents are, and if they are calm on the road there is a good chance the children will too when it is their turn to drive. It seems like road rage is a mix between nature and nurture. It can be a psychological reason or how one was raised. Road rage should be more noticed than what it is today so people could do something about this growing problem. If ones who know they have a problem with road rage, they should go see a professional so they could find out why it is happening so often when it should not be; or even use the techniques mentioned before. If road rage and the dangers of it is taken more notice, a lot more lives could be saved.

Baptist Confessional Paper

When comparing one item to the other there will always be differences and similarities this is the essitanial aspect of comparing. For purposes of this paper, the two Anabaptist confessions, which will be looked at, are as follows. The New Hampshire Baptist Confession and the Free- Will Baptist Confession. The Basis of the New Hampshire Confession rests on the Calvinistic view of theology verses the Free-Will Baptist whose foundation is rooted in the Armenian aspects of theology. The very core of the differences between these two confessions lies in the positions of Armenian and Calvin theology, which will be the focus of this paper. An added difference, which warrants a little time is the stance the Free Will, took from the New Hampshire on the view of Ordinances of the church. Wrapping up will focus on how doctrinal differences between the two will affect the movements in their spheres of influence. Doctrine on God The focus of theology starts with a look at God, who He is and how He responds to those He has created. The view of God a person chooses will direct the flow of the flow of the person's theology. This being said the discussion would start with God. The New Hampshire Baptist (NHB) believed that God knew all things and therefore new exactly what would happen even before it happened because He determined it that way. The NHB looked at God as having complete and utter sovereignty over all creation. It is under this notion the NHB believed that God knew those who would chose to become His elect from the sinful nature of humanity. The NHB looked at this as an outpouring of God to all that would choose to live for Him. The NHB looked at this as God's â€Å"eternal purpose. One of the areas this confession does not mention is why God chooses one over another. God election is solely based upon His goodness and holiness, that He would be glorified according to His nature. God places His glory above all things in so much He commands there will be no other God before Him. On the other hand, the Free-Will Baptist (FWB) believes God does not preordain people to be called to Him. FWB believes God only ordains the ends, not the middle, or the means. The FWB believes God gives humankind a sort of power. This power would be considered free will. Free will or the power to choose and therefore determine what things may come by the hand of man. The FWB believe God governs by† moral law and motives† men were thought of as having the ability to bring about the ends He desired. FWB could not understand how a man could be responsible for his action if he does not have the freedom to create possibilities of his own choosing. FWB attempts to break down the concept of the NHB and the idea of God having foreknowledge of all things verses His foreordination of all things. The FWB believes that all things are with God from the beginning to the end. The FWB believe God's knowledge of the events does not cause them to happen, the FWB also believe that not all the things God knows will happen. FWB knows that God is omniscience but they deny His foreordination of all things such as the HHB does. The FWB have an understanding to which makes God in some very dependent of the creature or creation. They also have an issue with God's foreknowledge and His foreordination and could not break apart the bond between them. Although both needed to define God's omnipotence. God knows what will happen and what will cause thing to happen, therefore while He knows some of the happenings, He also knows what will be needed should we need a way out. FWB focuses on God's willingness to act on certain things or react and allow history to unfold as it would. The Nature of Man The NHC confession of Faith believes the fall of man from a state of joy and communion with God is due to the free will of man. Due to this fall, humanity is separated from God and therefore doomed to an eternal death without excuse because of its own choice. This idea follows along with Calvinism's doctrine of Total Depravity. Although the NHC falls along the lines of Calvinism there are quite a few aspects of the doctrine they did not follow such as man's spiritual deadness, black minds dark hearts, and shackles to sin, as well as man's incapability to change. On the other hand, the FWB builds their faith upon the presupposition that God gives every man free will. FWB believe that although this free will caused men to fall that by the same free will men can choose to change their present state by Christ. The FWB anthropology is closely linked within their outlook on Christology, with its focus on Atonement of Jesus. Atonement The NHB hold strongly to the foundation of â€Å"full atonement. † The NHB believe that atone was a two part concept which involved a universal and a limited area. The universal part took the stance that Christ atonement was sufficient for the salvation all humankind. The limited area was efficient for only the elect of God. NHB held that Christ knew whom He was giving His life for, and these few were by far and large secure in their salvation. The FWB held a special place in the confession of faith when speaking of salvation. The idea can be summed up in the following words â€Å"The call of the Gospel is co-extensive with the atonement to all me, birth by word and the striving of the Spirit, so that salvation is rendered equally possible to all; and if any fail of eternal life, the fault is wholly his own†. The FWB held to the belief men would be changed to a point where they would be able to choose for themselves salvation. When Christ gave His life this supplied the salvation to those that would believe, but the atonement would not be applied to this salvation. The only way the application of Christ's atonement would be placed on a man once he believed in Christ as Lord and savior then through the Spirit the atonement would apply to this person. The Influence of the Holy Spirit NHB hold fast to the belief that God's grace begins the regeneration process through the workings of the Holy Spirit within the person. The gift is given freely to those who choose a relationship with God. God decrees in order for many people to hear the word of God and thus hear of salvation to all that would accept this call by the Holy Spirit. The NHB also adhere to the fact that those who will continue to reject the promoting of the Spirit upon their hearts would not be forced to live for God. One of the doctrines of the HNB would follow that God does not care to follow people in this way. FWB have an outlook such that to say God loves those of His elect different than those outside His elect would strike up an argument. The FWB believe God's atonement is equal for all people and therefore His calling upon the hearts of man are equal. God would place people in places where they are faced with the decision to call upon Him for atonement but the actual turning away from self and acceptance of atonement is men alone. God cannot choose the right decision or the wrong decision in the doctrine of the FWB. Perseverance of the Saints The NHB like any other denomination will follow its doctrines to their logical conclusions. Believing is â€Å"wrought in our souls† because of the regenerating Spirit of God's work within His elect is â€Å"wholly of grace† then the preservation of those elect in a state of salvation is entirely based on the power of God. If God wants, you saved then you will be saved. On the other hand, the FWB hold fast to their doctrine to which if the act of believing comes from a man's few will then his choice to remain in the salvation state is also from his free will. A blurb from their doctrine defines it clearly† future obedience and final salvation are neither determined nor certain, since through infirmity and manifold temptation they are in danger of falling. † The Sacraments The NHB state in their confession there are only two ordinances they hold to. The first being the Baptism and the second being the Lord's Supper. However, the FWB also holds the Lord's Supper and the Baptism of its members but adds a third, which is washing the feet of the Saints. Conclusion In conclusion of the findings between these two different groups is very clear. The doctrines to which govern these groups are first and for most deep-rooted, and secondly quite different. It would be interesting at the very least to see a debate between these groups. It is quite clear the Free Will Baptist doctrine focus is centered on the man. The man makes up his own mind, the man continues to follow his own decision or not. This idea of man focused is can be seen not only in Christianity but also in new age and many other religions worldwide. While on the other hand the focus of the New Hampshire Baptist is solely, focus on God. Their entire doctrine is focused on a position of humility, peace, love, and joy from the man towards his creator. Though both have their many differences, the bottom line is both were different from the norm of their time and were hunted because they sought many differences from the power of the state-church at that time.

Quantitative Research and Black Males Essay

On the act Wanted hands in a Philadelphia Ghetto. Ameri bear Sociological Association, 74(3), 339-357. After version the name, it was clear that it was written to give appreciation on what re aloney happens in stark neighborhoods and how occasional roll in the hays ar touched. Goffmans (2009) conception is to show that, Although recent increases in bonds atomic number 18 concentrated in s drive outt(p) Black communities, we know little or so how daily manners within these neighborhoods is changeed (p. 39). Additionally, there are no look into questions directly state, but are implied through place the article as to how barely bias and racial discrimination towards the black communities can affect a black persons life and to those around him. The major autonomous variable in the analysis is that oer the years, newborn black manlys with little or no education acquire been remand at least once in their life. The number of people macrocosm incarcerated keeps growing.The dependant variable ,or effect, of this ca use up is how existence incarcerated plane dear once, can affect their daily pull rounds in getting employment and constantly organism on the run because of cultism of being incarcerated once again. The article did show suppositional frameworks as part of the literature retrospect which foc utilise on young unschooled black males. This article foc employ on the failure of young black mens color, on how they could get arrested yet by being seen as a black male.Other search and/or studies would focus on the ghetto, not just as a black male ghetto, but possibly people from otherwise origins who live in ghettos such as Latino gang members. Goffman (2009) focuses solitary(prenominal) on black male gender theory. two quantitative and qualitative research methods were used in the article. For quantitative methods, a plowshare of black males being imprisoned were shown. As evidence, Pettit and Western (2004) stated, 30 percent of those with only utmost school diplomas have been to prison, and 60 percent of those who did not finish high school have prison records by their mid-30s, (p. 39). Wildeman (2009) also stated, One in quaternity Black children born in 1990 had a father imprisoned, (p. 339). For the qualitative method, Goffman (2009) used descriptive events and places that she was really involved and observed in. The research design made the article to a greater extent understanding and interesting by natural endowment us a clear demo of how percent numbers grew for black males being incarcerated and how the outcome of it affected their daily lives.In order to obtain information for the article, Goffman (2009) would actually spend time hanging out with young male men who had a record of being incarcerated and living in a bad neighborhood where sloven surveillance had increased. Goffman (2009) would be, spending most of my waking hours hanging out on hurtles digest porch steps, or on the alley way between his close and Mikes block, and for the next four years I spent two and six days a hebdomad on 6th street and roughly one day a workweek visiting members of the group in put to sleep and prison, (p. 42). The entropy collection Goffman (2009) obtained consisted of observations and actually victorious field notes with the young mens consent, although she would not directly ask questions. Goffman (2009) used quotes of what people would say by, typing it quite a little directly onto a laptop or by using a kiosk phone text message, (p. 342). She also interviewed lawyers, police force officers, probation officers and a judge to get more research information for the article.Goffman (2009) analyzed the data she obtained by observing actual events that went on in Black communities and placing them in the article real descriptively. They were systematically described by the events being in order and swelled readers a clear view of imagining what exactly was happening. As a result of all the evidence put together, Goffman (2009) found out that because black males had been incarcerated they were the main target of being incarcerated again because of their color, due to this fact they live in fear of going back to jail and are always on the run.They cannot keep a decent life and those around them such as family, friends, and girlfriends use the fact that they can be incarcerated again to their advantage to get money, keep them in check, and to get payback if theyve been through wrong by them. Goffman (2009) also stated that, Young men also procedure their wanted status into a choice by using it to account for shortcomings or failures that may have occurred anyway, (p. 354). These findings are accurately and adequately described so that readers can evaluate the claims and have a sizeable picture of how their lives are affected.The research findings take to me in a sense that I now have a much(prenominal) broader understanding on what black males go through in the type of neighborhoods that they live in. I was able to see how preconceived opinion and racism also play a big role in young black male men being the target of being incarcerated. The issue in American society that may have shaped this article and research is racism because due to a males color they are automatically pretend of doing something wrong and whether or not theyve do something wrong at the time they are taken to jail.Very much creditability should be given to the research and findings of this article because it helps us see the side of the story we did not know about. The research is solid and very useful because it helps us understand how and why young male black men live in fear and cant lead a everyday life without actually being caught by authorities. Goffmans (2009) article helps provide a new outlook on how lives are in fact affected in Black neighborhoods.